Review of Norman Fairclough .

Fairclough line to describe the study review, Also called textually oriented discourse analysis OR TODA, to review distinguish it from asking Philosophical NOT USE methodology involves linguistic, WITH SPECIAL Operates Operates formal linguistic textual, genre Sociolinguistics Speech, And Practice Operates Official sociological. Top encouragement analysis is that, IF * According to the theory of Foucault The discursive practices established and enforced, the intrinsic nature of the discourse, Operative linguistic analysis, is to review the form of the key elements from their interpretation. He was thus interested in how social discursive Practices Shaped, Securities And next discursive social Practices.

The prayer book The Famous Fairclough Namely Language and Power (1989 now in its third revised edition 2014) explores 
imbrications between language and social and institutional practices ofpolitical and social structure "wider". In the book Fairclough develop synthetic personalization concept to account for linguistic effect, giving the appearance of direct concern and contact with the individual listener in the phenomenon of mass discourse created, such as advertising, marketing, and discourse.This politics or media is seen as part of a larger process-scale technologisation discourse, which englobes the finer technical developments in the field of communication.

Fairclough's theory has been influenced by Mikhail Bakhtin and Michael Halliday in linguistics and the theory of ideologies such as Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault, and Pierre Bourdieu in sociology.
 Norman Fairclough he is  emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University. He is one of the founders of critical discourse analysis (CDA) as applied to sociolinguistics. CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. CDA studies discourse; in CDA he also have this includes texts , talk , video and practice.

He is also  have  METHODOLOGY OF CDA :

Fairclough's line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis or TODA, to distinguish it from philosophical enquires not involving the use of linguistic methodology, is specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and formally sociological practices. The main thrust of his analysis is that, if —according to Foucauldian theory— practices are discursively shaped and enacted, the intrinsic properties of discourse, which are linguistically analysable, are to constitute a key element of their interpretation. He is thus interested in how social practices are discursively shaped, as well as the subsequent discursive effects of social practices.
Language and Power (1989; now in a revised third edition 2014) explored the imbrications between language and social institutional practices and of "wider" political and social structures. In the book Fairclough developed the concept of synthetic personalisation to account for the linguistic effects providing an appearance of direct concern and contact with the individual listener in mass-crafted discourse phenomena, such as advertising, marketing, and political or media discourse. This is seen as part of a larger-scale process of technologisation of discourse, which englobes the increasingly subtle technical developments in the field of communication that aim to bring under scientifically regulated practice semiotic fields that were formerly considered suprasegmental, such as patterns of intonation, the graphic layout of text on the page or proxemic data.



Books

  • Fairclough, Norman (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Boston: Addison Wesley.
  • Chouliaraki, Lilie and Norman Fairclough (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity – Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2000). New Labour, New Language? London: Routledge.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2001). Language and Power (2nd edition). London: Longman.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2006). Language and Globalization. London: Routledge.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2007). (Ed.). Discourse and Contemporary Social Change. Bern.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2014). Language and Power (3rd edition). London: Longman.


 Journal articles
  • Fairclough, Norman (1985). Critical and Descriptive Goals in Discourse Analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 9: 739–763.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Text: Linguistic Intertextual Analysis within Discourse Analysis. Discourse and Society 3(2): 193–217.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1993). Critical Discourse Analysis and the Marketisation of Public Discourse: The Universities. Discourse & Society 4(2): 133–168.
  • Fairclough, Norman (1996). A Reply to Henry Widdowson's 'Discourse Analysis: A Critical View'. Language & Literature .
  • Fairclough, Norman (1996). Rhetoric and Critical Discourse Analysis: A Reply to Titus Ensink and Christoph Sauer. Current Issues in Language & Society 
  • Fairclough, Norman (1999). Global Capitalism and Critical Awareness of Language. Language Awareness 8(2): 71–83. Available: http://www.multilingual-matters.net/la/008/la0080071.htm
  • Fairclough, Norman (2000). Discourse, Social Theory, and Social Research: The Discourse of Welfare Reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics  163–195.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2000). Response to Carter and Sealey. Journal of Sociolinguistics
  • Fairclough, Norman (2001). The Dialectics of Discourse. Textus 14(2): 3–10. [Online]. Available (£6.00): http://www.tilgher.it/textusart_fairclough.html. [12 June 2002].
  • Fairclough, Norman (2002). Language in New Capitalism. Discourse & Society 
  • Fairclough, Norman (2003). 'Political Correctness': The Politics of Culture and Language. Discourse & Society 14(1): 17–28.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2003). Review of Pennycook's Critical Applied Linguistics. Discourse & Society 14(6): 805–808.
  • Fairclough, Norman, Graham, Phil, Lemke, Jay & Wodak, Ruth (2004). Introduction. Critical Discourse Studies 1(1): 1–7.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2005). Peripheral Vision: Discourse Analysis in Organization Studies: The Case for Critical Realism. Organization Studies (Sage Publications Inc.) 26(6): 915–939.

Harold Laswell was born on February 13, 1902 in Donnellson, Illinois. He is from Presbyterian clergyman and school teacher family. He was finish his studies in some university. He is known as political scientist famous in America and he is considered as pioneering in application of Psychology principle to Politic the construct system based on natural sciences. He got scholarship at Sociology major in University of Chicago. He graduated from Sociology major at 1922. When hewas 24 years old, he graduated and received his title in University of Chicago at 1926. In University of Chicago, he is became assistant professor in 1927.  Theory of Communication is based on  “Propaganda Technique in the World War" his dissertation. He is became and work as professor in New School of Social Research in New York City and at Yale Law School.

His Primary Articles : Laswell, H (1948). The structure and function of communication and society: The communication of ideas. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies,  203-243.

His work :
·           Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927; Reprinted with a new introduction, 1971)
·           Psychopathology and Politics, (1930; reprinted, 1986)
·           World Politics and Personal Insecurity (1935; Reprinted with a new introduction, 1965)
·           Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (1936)
·           "The Garrison State" (1941)
·           Power and Personality (1948)
·           Political Communication: Public Language of Political Elites in India and the US (1969)

That’s all about his biography. Now, I will explain to you a little bit about his field, that is Mass Communication. Check it out.

Mass Communication is a media that use for giving information from society. The media are include television, magazines, newspapers, radio, and other media. Mass communication occurs when a small group people send message with anonymous and usually varieties audience send it through communication media. The part of analysis for mass communication is messages, medium and audience. According to him, the appropriate way to describe an act of communication is :
1.        Who                                     refers to the communicator
2.        Says What                            refers to the message
3.        In which channel                  refers to the medium
4.        To whom                              refers to the receiver
5.        The effect                             refers to the effect

First component is Who. This component is studied or analyze about the control from what the message is came. It can be from TV Channel or newspaper, etc. It’s also called as control analysis.
Second component is Says What. This component is analyze about the message or the content of the message. It’s also called as content analysis.
Third component is Channel. This component is analyze about where is the message is came from. It’s also called media analysis. Which one of the medium between all the possibilities, which will depend on lots of factor such as the content of the message, the purpose, and the target public.
Fourth component is whom. This component is analyze about whose the target of the message or the audience. Try to analyze the target public of one messages, the target can be include from gender, age, and social status. This component is also called as audience analysis.
Fifth component is effect. This component is analyze about the consequences of the message. It analyses how certain message has affected or influenced its receivers. It is also called effect analysis.

The function of Mass Communication according to Laswell :
1.        Surveillance of the environment
2.        Correlation of components of society
3.        Cultural transmission between generation





DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Definition of Discourse :

  •     Discourse is generally used to designate the forms of reprssentation,codes,conventions and habits of language that produce specific fields of culturally and historically located meanings.

  •     In linguistics,discourse refers to a unit of language longer than a single sentence. Discourse also the use of spoken or written language in a social context.

  •   Discourse is a long talk or piece of writing about a subject.


Definition of analysis :

  •   Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to again a better understanding of it .

  • Analysis is a careful study of something to learn about its parts,what they do and how they are related to each other.

  •    Analysis an explanation of the nature and meaning of something.

  •    Analysis the separaton of an intellectual or material whole into it’s constituent part for individual study.

  • Analysis the study of such constituent parts and their interrationship in making up a whole.

  •   Analysis a spoken or written presentation of such study published and analysis of poetic meter.

  •  Analysis is systematic examination and evaluation of data or information, by breaking it into component parts to uncover their interrelationship.

Definition of Discourse Analysis :

  • DA is a broad term for the study of he ways in which language is used in text and context.

  •  DA is sometimes defined as the analysis of language beyond the sentence.

  • DA is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written,vocal or sign language use or any significant semiotic even.

  •   DA is the study of linguistic relations and structure in discourse.

  • DA is defined a concerned with the interactive or dialogic properties of everyday communication .





Conclusion :
My conclusion is : Discourse is a word conversation or speech and analysis is a activitas and process to research a language, So Discourse analysis is a derivative of applied linguistics.Discourse analysis related to the form of text or evalution of discourse to determine the shape or pattern of communication as well as . other matters related that not can be explained in grammar.

Reference :

 To Rici ramadani



To Indah shary
 To Riwaty putri intan


To Refiyanti




To Siti baroqah

 To kenny julita

To putri delima

ToShella shinta claudia
To Yenni yulita sitompul


Analyze Syllabus Nursing in STIKES WIDYA NUSANTARA PALU

Submitted as One of Assignments of English Spesific Purpose Course
Taught by Indah Muzdalifah, M.Pd



BY:
NALIS MANURUNG
1488203063



ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF LANCANG KUNING
PEKANBARU
JUNE 2016












PREFACE

                Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the complete a task. The assigment of this paper is about need analysis syllabus.
                 I hope this paper can help you to understand the analysis of syllabus. And help you to improve your understanding about analysis of syllabus. Please give your coments and you suggestions. Thank you

   



                                                                                                                         Pekanbaru, June 2016

                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                     Writers

                                        













TABLE OF CONTENT
      

      PREFACE........................................................................................i
      TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................ii
      CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1  Background...........................................................................1
1.2   Problem Formulation...........................................................1
1.3   Objective Problem................................................................1

CHAPTER II CONTENT
           2.1 Definition of Syllabus...........................................................2
           2.2 The porpuse of syllabus........................................................2
           2.3 Analyze of syllabus ...............................................................3

 CHAPTER III CONLUSION















CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1  Background

ESP(English Spesific Purpose) is centered on the language appropriate to the activities of a given discipline. ESP according to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19), ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learners reason for learning. In this connection, Dudley Evans (1998) explains that ESP may not always focus on the language for one specific discipline or  occupation, such as English for Computer science.
One of the fundamental questions for language teaching is what language is to be taught. In order to specify what language will be taught, items are typically listed and referred to as the syllabus. Graves (1996) discusses the language curriculum and syllabus. She describes the curriculum as a broad statement of the philosophy, purposes, design, and implementation of the entire language teaching program and th syllabus as a specification and ordering of content of a course. 

1.2  Problem Formulation
1.      What is syllabus?
2.      What purpose the syllabus?
3.      How to analyze syllabus?
                         
1.3  Objective Problem
1.      To know what is syllabus
2.      To know the purpose syllabus
3.      To know how to analyze syllabus and conformity syllabus with major








                                                       CHAPTER II
CONTENT

2.1 Definition of syllabus
        A syllabus  is an outline and summary of topics to be covered in an education or training course. It is descriptive(unlike the prescriptive or specific curuculum). A syllabus may be set out by an exam board or prepared by the professor who supervises or controls course quality. It may be rovided in paper form or online.
        The syllabus is a contract between faculty members and theirstudents, designed to answer students question about a course, as well as inform them about what will happen should  they fail to meet course expectations.
2.2 The Purpose of Syllabus
           Syllabus seem to vary in two fundamental areas-the apparent reason for writing the syllabus and the material that it contains. The purpose of the syllabus should drive the decision as to what content to include (Parkes& Harris, 2002). Three major purposes that a syllabus should serve are described by Parkes and Harris:
1.      Syllabus as a contract
Makes clear what the rules are sets forth what is expected to happen during the semester. Delineates the responsibilities of students and of the instructor. Describe appropriate procedures and course policies. Content required for a syllabus to serve as a contract.
2.      Syllabus as a permanent record
Serves accountability and documentation functions. Contains information useful for evaluation of instructors, courses, and programs. Document what was covered in a course, at what level, and for what kind of credit.
3.      Syllabus as a learning tool
Helps students become more effective learners in the course. Inform students of the instructor beliefs about teaching, learning, and the content area. Focuses on students and what they need to be effective learners.

                                   


                                                                     



2.3 Analyze Syllabus of STIKES Widya Nusantara Palu
SILABUS BAHASA INGGRIS
Mata Kuliah             :Englis for Nursing II
Kode Mata Kuliah   : -
Beban Studi              : 2 SKS
Kompetensi Mata Kuliah : Mahasiswa mampu berbahasa inggris dalam ilmu keperawatan
dan penggunaan terminologi keperawatan yang benar dalam proses pembelajaran.



No


Kompetensi Dasar

PokokBahasan/Sub PokokBahasan

Sumber
  

   1

Memahami bahan bacaan berbahasa Inggris dengan topic kesehatan/keperawatan dan menggunakan kosa kata yang dipergunakan dalam bacaan tersebut.
1.      Good morning Nurse
2.      Patient Admission
3.      Nursing intruction


Buku utama



   2
Menyimak dan memahami informasi mengenai topic kesehatan/keperawatan melalui pengajar/orang lain atau tape recorder
 ( Listening Comprehension)

1.      Nursing procedures
2.      Giving advice
3.      Giving direction


Buku utama


   3
Menuliskan berbagai informasi, cerita dan pendapatnya dalam bentuk tata bahasa yang telah dipelajari dengan baik dan benar
1.      Offering something
2.      Seminar nursing




Buku utama



   4
Mempresentasikan suatu informasi/topic mengenai dirinya sendiri/orang lain serta bermain peran (role play) mengenai topic kesehatan lainnya secara verbal dalam bahasa Inggris
1.      Nursing documentation
2.      What you should know about drugs
3.      Job interview/application letter



Buku utama
     




            Based on my analyisis, the syllabus learning materials are in accordance with competency courses. So we can be seen from the table above,that it is clearly visible that the syllabus with major have basic competence in accordance with nursing. This suggests that the structure based on the syllabus meets the needs of learners and the final competence to be achieved.
          
           The courses in syllabus very useful to develop English language learners in the field of nursing. It can be concluded that all the materials in syllabus the course Bahasa inggris II by Depni Situmorang, M.Pd accordance with major in STIKES. So, Nursing can be learning english language appropriate with needed major.







CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

         A syllabus  is an outline and summary of topics to be covered in an education or training course. It is descriptive(unlike the prescriptive or specific curuculum). A syllabus may be set out by an exam board or prepared by the professor who supervises or controls course quality. It may be rovided in paper form or online.
               
          In the process of learning the syllabus very important because syllabus is also useful as a guide for planning the management of learning activities classical,small groups, or individual learning. The selected learning activities will also refer to the source/media, material that has been set on the syllabus.